Jump to content

North Island Main Trunk

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

North Island Main Trunk
Map of the North Island Main Trunk
Overview
StatusOpen
OwnerKiwiRail
LocaleNorth Island, New Zealand
Termini
Service
TypeHeavy rail
SystemNew Zealand railway network
ServicesNorthern Explorer, Capital Connection, Te Huia
Operator(s)KiwiRail (freight)
KiwiRail Scenic Journeys (long-distance passenger)
Transdev Wellington (Wellington–Waikanae)
Auckland One Rail (Pukekohe–Auckland)
Rolling stockEF class electric locomotives (Te Rapa – Palmerston North)
History
Opened14 August 1908 (railheads meet)
6 November 1908 (official opening)
14 February 1909 (line completed)
Technical
Line length681 km (423 mi)
Number of tracksTriple track Wellington–Wairarapa Line junction
double track Wairarapa Line junction–Pukerua Bay, Paekākāriki–Waikanae, Hamilton–Te Kauwhata, Amokura–Auckland Westfield – Wiri
remainder single track
CharacterMain line
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Electrification1500 V DC overhead Wellington–Waikanae
25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead Palmerston North–Te Rapa, Pukekohe–Waitematā
Operating speed110 km/h (68 mph) maximum
Highest elevation832 metres (2,730 ft)
Route map

Legend
km
681.0
 Waitematā railway station
Newmarket Line
Quay Park Junction
The Strand Station
formerly Auckland railway station
 Ports of Auckland
Auckland Eastern Line
North Auckland Line
Westfield Junction
 Westfield Freight Yard
Auckland Eastern & Southern Lines
Manukau Branch
Auckland Southern Line
646.9
 Papakura
Mission Bush Branch &
Glenbrook Vintage Railway
628.7
 Pukekohe
End of Auckland suburban services
Glen Afton Branch
 Huntly
Waikato River bridge
 Ngāruawāhia
Glen Massey Branch
 Rotokauri
Te Rapa
542.3
 Hamilton
East Coast Main Trunk
 Te Awamutu
494.4
 Otorohanga
475.7
 Te Kuiti
Waiteti viaduct
36m
Stratford–Okahukura Line (mothballed)
397.8
 Taumarunui
Whanganui River bridge
 Raurimu
Raurimu Spiral
346.8
 National Park
Makatote viaduct
79m
Manganui viaduct
Mangaturuturu viaduct
Taonui viaduct
Hapuawhenua viaduct
51m
Raetihi Branch
317.1
 Ohakune
Whangaehu River
site of Tangiwai disaster
 Waiouru
Taihape
former tunnels 10e & 10f
North Rangitikei Viaduct
81m
former tunnels 10b/10c/10d
Kawhatau Viaduct
73m
Mangaweka Viaduct
South Rangitikei Viaduct
78m
former tunnel 10a
Mangaweka deviation
Makohine viaduct
73m
180.3
Marton–New Plymouth Line
 Marton
Rangitikei River bridge
153.0
 Feilding
Palmerston North–Gisborne Line
136.2
 Palmerston North
Foxton Branch
Milson deviation
Manawatu River
Wellington–Manawatu Line
 Shannon
90.3
 Levin
Otaki
End of Wellington suburban services
 Waikanae
48.3
 Paraparaumu
Kapiti Line
former NIMT via Johnsonville
Tawa Flat deviation
Hutt Valley Line (Wairarapa Line)
Interislander Ferry Terminal Interislander
Wellington Distant Junction
 Wellington freight terminal
Johnsonville Line
0.0
 Wellington
This diagram:

The North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) is the main railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, connecting the capital city Wellington with the country's largest city, Auckland. The line is 682 kilometres (424 mi) long, built to the New Zealand rail gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and serves the large cities of Palmerston North and Hamilton.

Most of the NIMT is single track with frequent passing loops, but sections at each end also handling suburban commuter traffic are double tracked.

The section known as the North-South Junction between Wellington and Waikanae, except for 3.3 km (2.1 mi) of single-track through tunnels between North Junction (35.3 km (21.9 mi) from Wellington) and South Junction, (32 km (20 mi) from Wellington), on the Pukerua Bay to Paekākāriki section,[1]

Around 460 km (290 mi) (approximately 65%) of the line is electrified in three separate sections: one section at 1500 V DC between Wellington and Waikanae, and two sections at 25 kV AC: 412 km (256 mi) between Palmerston North and Te Rapa (Hamilton) and 34 km (21 mi) between Pukekohe and Auckland Waitematā.

The first section of what became the NIMT opened in 1873 in Auckland. Construction at the Wellington end began in 1885. The line was completed in 1908 and was fully operational by 1909. It is credited for having been an economic lifeline, and for having opened up the centre of the North Island to European settlement and investment.[2] In the early days, a passenger journey between Wellington and Auckland could take more than 20 hours; today, it takes approximately 11 hours.[3]

The NIMT has been described as an "engineering miracle",[4] with numerous engineering feats such as viaducts, tunnels and a spiral built to overcome large elevation differences with grades suitable for steam engines, the ruling gradient being 1 in 50.[5]

History

[edit]

Construction

[edit]

When the first sections of the NIMT were built, there was great uncertainty as to even the route in Waikato, with Cambridge, Kihikihi, Te Awamutu and Alexandra considered as possible destinations in Waikato.[6] The central section was gradually extended to meet up in 1909, 23 years after the last of the northern and southern sections of NIMT had been opened.

Auckland to Te Awamutu

[edit]

Auckland's first railway was the 13 km (8.1 mi) line between Point Britomart and Onehunga via Penrose, opened in 1873.[7] It was built by Brogdens,[8] as was the rest of the Auckland & Mercer Railway, for £166,000 for the 41 mi (66 km) to Mercer.[9] The section from Penrose to Onehunga is now called the Onehunga Branch. The line was later continued south from Penrose into the Waikato. To support the Invasion of the Waikato, a 3.5 mi (5.6 km) tramway was built from Maungatāwhiri to Meremere in 1864,[10] with a first sod event near Koheroa on Tuesday, 29 March 1864 by Auckland's Chief Superintendent of Roads & Bridges, W R Collett.[11] Turning of the first sod of the Auckland and Drury Railway took place in 1865, a year after the last major battle.[12] This line reached Mercer by 20 May 1875, with 29 km (18 mi) from Ngāruawāhia being constructed by the Volunteer Engineer Militia and opened on 13 August 1877. It was extended to Frankton by December 1877, and to Te Awamutu in 1880. An economic downturn stalled construction for the next five years, and Te Awamutu remained the railhead. There were also negotiations with local Māori, and the King Country was not accessible to Europeans until 1883.[13]

Wellington to Marton

[edit]
See also: Wellington - Manawatu Line

The Wellington-Longburn (near Palmerston North) section was constructed between 1881 and 1886 by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (WMR). The company was acquired by the government and merged with the New Zealand Railways Department in 1908.

The Longburn to Marton section had been opened on 18 April 1878, as part of the line linking the ports of Foxton and Whanganui.[14]

Central North Island

[edit]
Panorama of the Raurimu Spiral.

In 1882, the Whitaker Ministry passed the North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act, to expedite construction of the North Island Main Trunk south of Te Awamutu by authorising the overseas borrowing of a million pounds (probably in London) for the work.[15] From Te Awamutu, it was proposed that the line be built via Taupo or via Taumarunui, the eventual route. Four options were considered before the Minister of Public Works decided on the present route in 1884, but, when it was realised just how difficult that route was, further surveys considered two other options in 1888.[16] Routes via Napier and Waitara were also considered, with surveying in Taranaki from 1883 to 1889.[17]

Construction of the final central section began on 15 April 1885, when paramount chief Wahanui of Ngāti Maniapoto turned the first sod outside Te Awamutu.[13] It was 23 years before the two lines met, as the central section was difficult to survey and construct. The crossing of the North Island Volcanic Plateau with deep ravines required nine viaducts and the world-famous Raurimu Spiral.

Richard Seddon’s Liberal Government pledged in 1903 that the whole route would be open in 1908. In 1904, the railheads were still 146 km (91 mi) apart, and contracts for three massive viaducts (Makatote, Hapuawhenua and Taonui) were not let until 1905. The government committed 2500 workmen, and in 1907, the Minister of Public Works William Hall-Jones instigated a night shift (under kerosene lamps).[18] By the beginning of 1908, there was a 39 km (24 mi) gap between Erua and Ohakune, with a connecting horse-drawn coach service. From Ohakune south to Waiouru, the Public Works Department operated the train, as this section of 27 km (17 mi) had not yet been handed over to the Railways Department.

Opening

[edit]

The gap was closed on 7 August 1908 for the first through passenger train, the 11-car Parliamentary Special carrying the Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward and other parliamentarians north to see the American Great White Fleet at Auckland.[2] But much of the new section was temporary, with some cuttings north of Taonui having vertical batters and unballasted track from Horopito to Makatote.[19] Ward drove the last spike on 6 November 1908, and the 'Last Spike' monument is at Manganui-o-te-Ao 39°16.44′S 175°23.37′E / 39.27400°S 175.38950°E / -39.27400; 175.38950, near Pokaka. A two-day NIMT service started on 9 November, with an overnight stop at Ohakune.

On 14 February 1909, the first NIMT express left Auckland for Wellington, an overnight trip scheduled to take 19 hours 15 minutes, with a sleeping car, day cars with reclining seats, and postal/parcels vans. The dining car went on the north express from Wellington to Ohakune, then transferred to the southbound express, so avoiding the heavy gradients of the central section.

Upgrades and deviations

[edit]

Signals and track

[edit]

The rails and signalling have been upgraded over the years, and many sections of the line have been deviated: The original 1870s Vogel Era track had rails of 40 lb/yd (19.9 kg/m), some were iron not steel; later rails were 53 lb/yd (26.3 kg/m); and from 1901 70 lb/yd (34.8 kg/m), e.g. between Taumarunui and Taihape for the heavy X class locomotives used on the central mountainous section from 1908. Some 10 bridges between Frankton and Taumarunui had to be strengthened, and in 1914 there was still 129 km (80 mi) of 53 lb/yd rail to be replaced. In the 1930s 85 lb/yd (42.2 kg/m) was adopted, then 91 lb/yd (45.1 kg/m), and from 1974 100 lb/yd (50 kg/m).[20]

Signalling on the single-track sections (most of the line) was controlled by Tyer's Electric Train Tablet No 7 system; with each of the stations for the 94 tablet sections staffed by three tablet porters each working a 56-hour week for continuous coverage; hence each station required at least four houses for the stationmaster and three porters. Pierre noticed that with CTC station buildings and even platforms had been removed as there were no longer any staffed stations between Ohakune and National Park. The Train Control system introduced from 1928 to 1932 supplemented the tablet system by operators at the four sections (Auckland, Frankton, Te Kuiti, Ohakune, Marton and Wellington) to expedite operation of trains over several tablet sections; the 1925 Fay-Raven report urged its adoption because of the fitful progress of mixed trains, with locomotives often kept waiting. From 1938 to 1966 Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) gradually replaced the tablet system on the NIMT.[21] In 1957 when the installation of CTC over the remaining 354 km (220 mi) commenced, it was estimated that using CTC over the 330 km (205 mi) Taumarunui to Otaki section with control centres at Ohakune (which shifted to Taumarunui in 1977), Taihape and Palmerston North would replace 74 men in traffic working duties. The last section converted was Piriaka-Owhango.[22]

A 1926 article by "Backblocks" described conditions for staff at these stations where four workers lived in isolated areas, and their efforts to get special trains for transport to special events.[23]

In 1913, the maximum speed limit on the NIMT was raised to 45 mph (72 km/h), reducing the journey time by 1 hour 25 minutes Auckland-Wellington or to 17 hours and between 30 and 45 minutes.[24] Under Thomas Ronayne, the New Zealand Railways Department general manager from 1895 to 1913,[25] the section south to Parnell was duplicated and improvements made to the worst gradients and tight curves between Auckland and Mercer. Under his successor E. H. Hiley the second Parnell Tunnel with two tracks and an easier gradient was completed in 1915–1916.[26] On the Kakariki bank between Halcombe and Marton a deviation reduced the 1 in 53 grade to 1 in 70 in 1915.[27] Similar work was done to ease the gradient to Greatford, on the other side of the Rangitīkei River, in 1939.[28] A 1914 Act authorised spending on the Westfield Deviation, new stations at Auckland and Wellington, track doubling (Penrose-Papakura, Ohinewai-Huntly, Horotiu-Frankton, Newmarket-New Lynn), and grade easements from Penrose to Te Kuiti,[29] but the war delayed most of these works for over a decade.

In 1927, automatic colour-light signalling was installed from Otahuhu to Mercer.[30] In 1930 the signalling was extended 34 mi 72 ch (56.2 km) to Frankton and the 6 mi 55 ch (10.8 km) from there to Horotiu was doubled. The 3 mi 54 ch (5.9 km) north to Ngāruawāhia was doubled from 5 December 1937,[31] followed by 9 mi 12 ch (14.7 km) Ngāruawāhia to Huntly on 4 December 1938[32] and Huntly to Ohinewai and Papakura to Paerata in December 1939.[33] By then, wartime shortages delayed further double-tracking.[34] Pokeno to Mercer was doubled from 11 November 1951, Pukekohe to Pokeno 21 November 1954, Mercer to Amokura 1 July 1956 and Ohinewai to Te Kauwhata 14 December 1958. The 13 km (8.1 mi) between Amokura and Te Kauwhata remain single track, as does Ngāruawāhia bridge.[35] Doubling of the section south of Amokura is being investigated in a business case from July 2021.[36]

Westfield deviation

[edit]
Approaching Auckland CBD through the eastern suburbs on the Westfield deviation to the North Island Main Trunk.

In 1930, the Westfield deviation was opened, creating a new eastern route from Auckland to Westfield via Glen Innes and Hobsons Bay, running into the new Auckland railway station and providing better access to the Port of Auckland.[37] The original section between Auckland and Westfield via Newmarket later ceased to be part of the NIMT: Auckland to Newmarket became the Auckland-Newmarket Line, and Newmarket to Westfield became part of the North Auckland Line (NAL) which runs between Whangarei and Westfield.[37]

In the late 1930s, bridges replaced level crossings at Ohinewai, Taupiri and Hopuhopu.[38]

Tawa flat deviation

[edit]
Main article: Tawa flat deviation
In the 1930s, the Wellington end was deviated from Wellington to Tawa Flat by the Tawa Flat deviation, including two long tunnels. The deviation is the centre two tracks, with the Wairarapa Line's Ngauranga station in the background, alongside State Highway 1.

The double track Tawa Flat deviation opened to goods trains on 22 July 1935 and to passenger trains on 19 June 1937, bypassing the original single track WMR line between Wellington and Tawa. With a pair of tunnels under the Wellington hills, the deviation alleviated issues with more and heavier freight traffic on the steep and twisting original route where long sections at 1 in 60 gradient required banker engines. The Wellington to Johnsonville section of the original line was retained as the Johnsonville Line and the Johnsonville to Tawa section closed.

The North-South Junction section from Plimmerton to South Junction, north of Pukerua Bay and Muri, and North Junction to Paekākāriki were duplicated in 1940. From 24 July 1940 electrification at 1500 V DC of the southern section of the NIMT from Wellington to Paekākāriki was completed. The Tawa Flat deviation has a long tunnel (Tawa No 2) not suitable for steam operation because of excessive smoke (although steam trains were temporarily operated in the new deviation from 1935). A Centralised Train Control (CTC) system was installed in 1940, so that new signal boxes were not required and five stations between Tawa and Pukerua Bay no longer had to be continually staffed for Tablet operation; see Kapiti Line and North–South Junction. Electrification eliminated the need to relieve the steep (1 in 57) gradients from Plimmerton to the Pukerua Bay summit by a deviation to the east and allowed more frequent suburban passenger trains (and allowed suburban electric multiple units to run on this section from September 1949).

EW1805 hauling DC 4611 near Paekākāriki on the electrified Wellington section. This section of the North Island Main Trunk was electrified in 1940.

The difficult section down the Paekakariki Escarpment from Pukerua Bay to Paekākāriki with five tunnels between South and North Junctions remains single track. Duplication from Tawa to Porirua opened on 15 December 1957, from Porirua to Paremata on 7 November 1960, and Paremata to Plimmerton on 16 October 1961. The section between Porirua and Plimmerton was straightened in conjunction with the duplication by reclaiming land along the eastern shore of Porirua Harbour.[39]

In 1967, the floors of the tunnels on the former WMR section between Paekākāriki and Pukerua Bay were lowered to enable the DA class locomotives to travel all the way to Wellington.

Milson deviation

[edit]
Main article: Milson deviation

Between 1964 and 1966, a deviation away from the centre of Palmerston North via the Milson deviation on the edge of the city.

Mangaweka deviation

[edit]
Main article: Mangaweka deviation

Between 1973 and 1981, the major Mangaweka deviation in the central section between Mangaweka and Utiku was built, with three viaducts, all over 70m tall, crossing the Rangitīkei and Kawhatau rivers.[40] The viaducts were at the end of their economic lives.[41] The deviation removed a number of tunnels, many of which were built in unstable country,[42] and eliminated a number of steep gradients.[42]

A combined road and rail deviation had bean considered with the Ministry of Works, but was too expensive. In 1966 the NZR General Manager Alan Gandell said that the deviation would eliminate five old and narrow tunnels, and that New Zealand topography precluded a fast run, but travel time would be cut from 13½ hours to between 11½ and 12 hours, the best possible without tremendous expense. But two modern express trains were being designed for the NIMT, and should be introduced in three to four years.[43]

Hapuawhenua deviation

[edit]

The central section from Te Rapa near Hamilton to Palmerston North was electrified between 1984 and 1988 as part of the Think Big government energy program. Some tunnels were opened out or bypassed by deviations while in others clearances were increased, and curves eased. The section between Ohakune and Horopito was realigned with three viaducts replaced to handle higher loads and speeds. The most notable bridge replaced was the curved metal viaduct at Hapuawhenua by a modern concrete structure, though the original has been restored as a tourist attraction.

Recent upgrades

[edit]

In 1980 the 1880s Poro-O-Tarao Tunnel in the King Country was replaced by a tunnel with clearances which allowed for large hicube containers.

In 2009–10, the 1.5 km (0.93 mi) section of line between Wellington Junction and Distant Junction was rebuilt from double track to triple track, to ease peak-time congestion.

In February 2011, duplication between Paekākāriki and Waikanae was completed as part of the upgrade and expansion of the Wellington suburban network; see Kapiti Line for more information.

In 2012–13, four bridges near Rangiriri between Auckland and Hamilton were replaced. The bridges were all over 100 years old with steel spans and timber piers, and were replaced by modern low-maintenance concrete ballast deck bridges. Bridges 479, 480, 481 & 482 were replaced, with lengths of 40 metres (131 ft 3 in), 40 metres (131 ft 3 in), 30 metres (98 ft 5 in) and 18 metres (59 ft 1 in) respectively.[44]

The construction of the Peka Peka to Otaki section of the Kāpiti Expressway required 1.3 km (0.81 mi) of the NIMT immediately north of Otaki station to be realigned. Construction began in 2017, and trains were switched onto the new alignment over the 2019 Easter long weekend (19–22 April).[45][46]

A DL class locomotive hauling a freight train at Papakura, south of Auckland. Freight is an important revenue earner for the North Island Main Trunk.

In the Auckland area, a third main line between Wiri and Westfield is under construction;[47] this will allow freight (or other) trains to bypass stationary passenger trains.[48]

Electrification

[edit]
Main article: Railway electrification in New Zealand
The electrification of the North Island Main Trunk was completed in 1988.

There are three independent sections of the NIMT which are electrified: Auckland's urban network and the central section (25 kV AC) from Palmerston North – Te Rapa (north of Hamilton) at 25 kV AC. Wellington's urban network is electrified at 1500 V DC; as formerly used in other sections of the New Zealand network. In Wellington the operating voltage has been increased to 1650V DC, and 1700V DC since the full introduction of the Matangi EMU, to increase the power available.

Electrification of the NIMT was mooted by electrical engineer Evan Parry in the first volume of the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology in November 1918. In light of a national coal shortage following World War I, Parry argued that the network was under great strain due to ever-increasing volumes of freight, and the use of steam traction was partly to blame. Parry also noted that there was great potential for cheap hydro-electricity generation in the central North Island to power electrification.

The first part of the NIMT to be electrified was the Wellington–Paekakariki section via the Tawa Flat deviation that was completed on 24 July 1940. This was largely to prevent smoke nuisance in the 4.3 km No. 2 tunnel, and to provide for banking on the Paekakariki to Pukerua Bay section. Electric traction in this section is now used only by Transdev Wellington for Metlink suburban passenger services on the Kapiti Line, and was extended to Paraparaumu on 7 May 1983 and Waikanae on 20 February 2011. Funded by the Greater Wellington Regional Council, the extension to Waikanae coincided with the delivery of new FP class Matangi electric multiple units.[49]

Following the Second World War railway services suffered due to skill and coal shortages. Skilled staff sought employment opportunities elsewhere in the economy. From 1948 to 1951 the General Manager of the Railways Department , Frank Aickin advocated electrification of the entire line, despite protests from his engineering staff. Aickin had previously been Staff Superintendent and Chief Legal Advisor to the Department and considered using diesel locomotives for trains on the NIMT to be too expensive. He turned his attention to electrification, mainly because he saw that it could relieve the coal shortage and prevent heavy expenditure on imported fuels.

He commissioned a study into electrification, which concluded that a low-frequency AC system could be cheaper than 1500 V DC, the system in use in Wellington. Aickin sent a technical mission of four senior officers overseas in March 1949 and travelled overseas himself to negotiate a tentative contract with a British construction company. The Chief Mechanical Engineer and Chief Accountant specified and costed the system and Aickin was able to complete a substantial report justifying the NIMT electrification and submit it to the Government.

Officers from New Zealand Treasury and the Ministry of Works and two experts from Sweden (Thelander and Edenius) commented on the proposal and in December 1950 the Government granted approval in principle and agreed to appoint Thelander as a consultant. Aickin later fell out with the then National Government and retired as General Manager in July 1951. With the change in regime, the electrification proposal disappeared.

A key assumption of Aickin's report was that traffic on the NIMT would grow by 50% from 1948 to 1961. Since a diesel-electric locomotive is a travelling power station, the savings through electrification compared to diesel could be regarded as the difference between the cost of buying bulk electrical energy generated substantially from New Zealand resources and the cost of generating electricity in a small plant using imported diesel fuel.

The Royal Commission on Railways created following Aickin's tenure rejected the report's findings. Aickin's successor Horace Lusty, revised the contract with English Electric to specify DF class diesel-electric locomotives. They were later found to be unreliable, and only ten were supplied. 42 DG class locomotives were supplied instead for secondary lines. For main lines including the NIMT, the General Motors G12 export models were ordered, becoming the DA class.

The 411 km (255 mi) section between Palmerston North and Hamilton was electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC, opened on 24 June 1988[50] as one of the Muldoon National Government's "Think Big" energy development projects. An overall cost in excess of $100 million had been projected, with some 40% being for the locomotives, but the final cost was about $250 million. The economics of the project was greatly undermined by the fall of the price of oil in the 1980s and the deregulation of land transport, which removed the long-distance monopoly NZR held when the cost-benefit report was written.

EF30163 hauling The Overlander on the 25 kV AC electrified section in 2003.

The electrification of the section, which had its genesis in a study group set up in June 1974 to report on measures to be taken to cope with increasing rail traffic volumes, received approval in 1980. This led to a technical study carried out with assistance from the Japanese Railway Technical Research Institute. The report stated that track capacity would be increased by electrification because such traction is faster and able to move more freight at once. The report stated, for example, that whereas a diesel locomotive could haul 720-tonne trains at 27 km/h (17 mph) up the Raurimu Spiral, an electric locomotive could haul 1100/1200-tonne trains at 45 km/h (28 mph), cutting 3–5 hours off journey times. Less fuel would be needed and employing regenerative braking in electric locomotives lowers the fuel consumption further.

Electrification's advantages were reflected in the economic evaluation in the report, which showed a rate of return of 18%. Sensitivity analysis showed that this high rate of return gave the project robustness against lower traffic volumes than expected (the return remained positive even if traffic fell), against significant increases in construction cost, and against lower than expected rises in the diesel fuel price.

Part of the project included replacing the copper wire communications system with a new fibre optic communications cable (due to interference caused by AC power with the DC copper wire system) between Wellington and Auckland. In 1994 New Zealand Rail Limited sold the cable to Clear Communications for telephone traffic, leasing part of it back for signalling.[51]

Proposals to electrify the Auckland suburban rail network dated back to the 1960s,[52] they mainly coincided with proposals to electrify the NIMT in its entirety. In 2005 the central government decided to implement a proposal[53] to electrify the urban network at 25 kV AC, the same system as on the central NIMT.[54] This included 35.7 km (22.2 mi) of the NIMT itself, from Waitematā to just south of Papakura. Work on electrification of the Auckland network began in 2010. The first revenue electric services using AM class EMUs commenced on 28 April 2014 between Waitematā and Onehunga on the Onehunga Line.[55] The electrification project on the Auckland network, including the Auckland-Papakura section of the NIMT, was completed in July 2015, with all suburban services being electric. A diesel shuttle service ran on the non-electrified Pukekohe-Papakura section from 2015 until 2022.[56]

In February 2008 former Auckland Regional Council Chairman Mike Lee suggested the initial electrification might be extended to Pukekohe, leaving a 60 kilometres (37 mi) gap to Te Rapa.[57] In 2012, in response to public submissions, the board of Auckland Transport decided to include an investigation into electrifying to Pukekohe to its 10-year programme.[58] ATAP, Auckland's 2018–2028 plan provides for Pukekohe electrification, a third line from Westfield to Wiri and further new electric trains.[59] In 2020 the government announced funding for electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe.[60] The extension of electrification to Pukekohe was completed in August 2024.[61]

Future

[edit]

The completion of Auckland's electrification leaves a gap of 87.1 km (54.1 mi) to the central NIMT electrification at Te Rapa, north of Hamilton. Electrification may be extended south as the Auckland suburban system expands, but this will depend on further government funding.

A paper written in 2008 for then railway infrastructure owner ONTRACK investigated the possibility of electrifying the remaining Papakura-Te Rapa gap between the Auckland urban system's terminus at Papakura on the NIMT and the central NIMT system, along with electrification of the East Coast Main Trunk to Tauranga.[62] The report put the total cost of electrification at $860 million, with $433 million for the Papakura-Te Rapa section.[62] It concluded that money would be better spent on grade and curvature easements, removing speed restrictions and increasing the length of passing loops.[62]

In Wellington, there is an 80.8 km (50.2 mi) gap from Waikanae to the central NIMT electrification at Palmerston North. As the two electrification systems are different, multi-current locomotives or multiple units would be required for through electric working. Replacement rolling stock for Wellington, Wairarapa and Palmerston North and extending electrification north of Waikanae to Levin and beyond are being investigated in a business case from July 2021.[36] KiwiRail has indicated it has no plans to upgrade the Wellington electrification from 1500 V DC to 25 kV AC, but intends to use dual-voltage locomotives.[63] It has also indicated any extension north of Waikanae station would be at 25 kV AC, with through workings from Wellington to Ōtaki and further north requiring multi-current rolling stock; this would also allow the 25 kV AC section to be fed from the existing 220 kV substation at Paraparaumu, avoided the cost of building a new substation.[64]

On 21 December 2016, KiwiRail announced their plan to withdraw from service, over a two-year period, the EF class electric locomotives (the only electric rolling stock working the central electrified section) without replacing them.[65] The reasons given for the decision included the fact that the EFs are now close to their end of life (approximately 30 years old) and suffer from frequent breakdowns (on average every 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi) which is well below the expected breakdown-free service interval of 50,000 kilometres (31,000 mi)) and that having to change from a diesel locomotive to an electric one and back again at each end of the electrified section is labour-intensive, time-consuming and adds to costs. KiwiRail did not intend to de-electrify the section but would maintain it so that electric rolling stock could be reintroduced in the future.

On 30 October 2018, the Government announced that it is retaining the EF class electric locomotives, to help meet its long term emissions goals and boost the economy. The 15 remaining EF class locomotives will be refurbished by KiwiRail and will continue to run between Hamilton and Palmerston North.[66]

In 2021 the "North Island Electrification Expansion Study" was published by KiwiRail, Beca and Systra following a government grant for a business case.[67][68] The report recommended electrification from Waikanae to Palmerston North be 25kV AC, with a change over just north of Waikanae to allow multi-current electric locomotives to switch between AC and DC traction.[67] The cost of electrifying this section of the NIMT was at an expected estimate of $339m, with the Pukekohe to Te Rapa section estimated at $430m.[68]

Electrification status
Section Length Traction Percentage of total
Wellington to Waikanae 57 km DC 8.4%
Waikanae to Palmerston North 81 km none 11.9%
Palmerston North to Hamilton (Te Rapa) 404 km AC 59.2%
Hamilton (Te Rapa) to Pukekohe 79 km none 11.6%
Pukekohe to Waitematā 61 km AC 8.9%
Electrification totals
Electrified 496 km 73%
Electrified (future committed) 26 km 4%
No traction 160 km 23%

Centennial

[edit]

On 6 August 2008, at 9am, a train (which included 100-year-old carriage AA1013, restored by the Mainline Steam Trust) departed Wellington in a re-enactment of 7 August 1908 Parliamentary Special carrying the Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward to Auckland,[69] stopping overnight at Taihape and Taumarunui before continuing to Auckland. Tickets were by invitation only.

A series of stamps was issued to commemorate the centennial, see Stamps:

  • 50c – Last Spike Ceremony Manganui-o-te-ao – a photo of actual event[70]
  • $1.00 – Taumarunui, 1958 – steam locomotive KA 947 pulling into the old railway station.
  • $1.50 – Makatote Viaduct, 1963.[71]
  • $2.00 – Raurimu Spiral, 1964.
  • $2.50 – The Overlander, Hapuawhenua Viaduct, 2003.

Infrastructure

[edit]

The NIMT has been described as an "engineering miracle", with numerous engineering feats especially along the Rangitīkei River and on the North Island Volcanic Plateau. This included the building of the famous Raurimu Spiral to allow trains to ascend the steep grade from the Whanganui River valley to the North Island Volcanic Plateau.

The NIMT includes 352 bridges and 14 tunnels.[3] The major viaducts include three (North Rangitīkei, South Rangitīkei and Kawhatau) opened in 1981 for the Mangaweka deviation. Five viaducts are over 70 metres (230 ft) high. There are smaller viaducts at Taonui north of Ohakune,[72] and Manganui-o-te-Ao and Mangaturuturu.[73]

The heights and lengths of the main viaducts are:[74]

Name Height Length Opened Remarks
North Rangitīkei 81 m or 266 ft 160 m or 525 ft 1981 on Mangaweka deviation
Makatote 79 m or 259 ft 262 m or 860 ft 1908
South Rangitīkei 78 m or 256 ft 315 m or 1,033 ft 1981 on Mangaweka deviation
Kawhatau 73 m or 240 ft 160 m or 525 ft 1981 on Mangaweka deviation
Makohine 73 m or 240 ft 229 m or 751 ft 1902
Toi Toi 58 m or 190 ft 66 m or 217 ft 1904
Hapuawhenua 45 m or 148 ft 284 m or 932 ft 1908 replaced 1987 [75]
Hapuawhenua 51 m or 167 ft 414 m or 1,358 ft 1987
Waiteti 36 m or 118 ft 127 m or 417 ft 1889 or Waitete, 130 m or 427 ft long [76]
Mangaweka 48 m or 157 ft 288 m or 945 ft 1903 superseded by Mangaweka deviation in 1981 [72]

Rolling stock

[edit]

Due to its high volume and high value of traffic to NZR and the steep grades in the central section, the NIMT has seen the use of the most powerful locomotives in New Zealand.

When the NIMT opened in 1909, the powerful 4-8-2 X class was introduced to handle heavy traffic over the mountainous central North Island section. Three G class Garratt locomotives were introduced in 1928, but these were not as effective as anticipated. In 1932, the 4-8-4 K class was introduced, and later improved in 1939 with the KA class.

The introduction of the DF class in 1954 began the end of the steam era, and in 1955, with the introduction of the DA class locomotive, major withdrawals of steam locomotives began. 1972 saw the introduction of DX class locomotives and the Silver Fern railcars; the latter remaining in service between Auckland and Wellington until 1991.

With electrification and the introduction of the EF class electric locomotives in the late 1980s, the DX class was mainly reassigned to other areas of the network, including hauling coal on the Midland Line in the South Island. Since then, services between Te Rapa and Palmerston North have been worked mainly by the electrics, although some services are still diesel-operated, such as those originating from or terminating on other lines, or originating from within the central section, like the paper pulp freight trains from Karioi.

As of July 2024, regular rolling stock on the NIMT include:

Class Image Type Cars per set Number Operator Routes Built
FP/FT
Matangi 		EMU 2 83 Transdev Wellington Wellington suburban services between Wellington and Waikanae 2010–12, 2015–16
AM EMU 3 72 Auckland One Rail Auckland suburban services on Eastern and Southern Lines 2012–15, 2019–20
SR carriage 4 (Te Huia), 7 (Capital Connection) 22 KiwiRail Te Huia services between Hamilton and Auckland, and Capital Connection services between Palmerston North and Wellington 1971–75

Connecting lines

[edit]
Line Name Date Opened Date Closed NIMT Junction Terminus Length Notes
Newmarket Line 24 December 1873 Open Quay Park Junction Newmarket Junction 2.5 km Formerly Auckland-Onehunga line 1873–1877, Auckland-Waikato line 1877–1908, NIMT 1908–1974.
North Auckland Line 20 May 1875 Open Westfield Junction Otiria Junction 280 km Formerly formed part of the NIMT in conjunction with what is now the Newmarket Line.
Manukau Branch 15 April 2012 Open Wiri Junction Manukau 2.5 km
Mission Bush Branch 10 December 1917 Open Paerata Junction Mission Bush 17 km Formerly Waiuku Branch. Glenbrook Vintage Railway uses the 8 km Glenbrook-Waiuku section.
Kimihia Branch 21 October 2015[77] Huntly North Kimihia Mine 2.75 km
Rotowaro Branch 20 December 1915 Open Huntly Rotowaro 8.5 km Formerly Glen Afton Branch (14 km long). Bush Tramway Club uses the 2 km section Pukemiro to Glen Afton.
Waipa Railway and Coal Co. line 1 March 1914 19 May 1958 Ngāruawāhia Wilton Collieries 10.5 km Private line. Operated by NZR from 12 August 1935 to closure.
East Coast Main Trunk 20 October 1879 Open Frankton Junction Kawerau 180 km Formerly Thames Branch (1879–1928). Line reduced in length by Kaimai Deviation, 1978. Former length 230 km.
Stratford–Okahukura Line 4 September 1933 Mothballed 2009 Okahukura Junction Stratford 144 km Leased to Forgotten World Adventures Ltd.
Raetihi Branch 18 December 1917 1 January 1968 Ohakune Junction Raetihi 13 km
Marton–New Plymouth Line 4 February 1878 Open Marton Junction Breakwater (New Plymouth) 212 km
Taonui Branch 17 November 1879 14 August 1895 Taonui Colyton 3.5 km
Palmerston North–Gisborne Line 9 March 1891 Open Roslyn Junction Gisborne 391 km Napier-Gisborne section mothballed 2012. Gisborne City Railway use Gisborne-Muriwai section (16 km)
Foxton Branch April 1873 18 July 1959 Longburn Junction Foxton 31 km Part of Foxton-New Plymouth Railway until 1908
Wairarapa Line 14 April 1874 Open Distant Junction (Wellington) Woodville 170 km Reduced in length by closure of Rimutaka Incline (1955) from 182 km.
Johnsonville Branch 24 September 1885 Open Wellington Junction Johnsonville 10 km Built by the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company. 6 km Johnsonville-Tawa section closed 19 June 1937.
Te Aro Branch 27 March 1893 23 April 1917 Wellington (Lambton) Te Aro 1.77 km

Notable connecting tramways and other lines

[edit]
Junction Station Date Opened Date Closed Owner Notes
Drury 1862 unknown Drury Coal Company Horse tramway
Kellyville Public Works Department Construction of Pokeno to Paeroa line, not completed beyond Mangatawhiri.
Ngāruawāhia 1 March 1914 19 May 1958 Waipa Railway and Coal Co. 10 km private railway.
Otorohonga 1921 Rangitoto Colliery Co. 6 km horse tram
Mangapehi 1944 Ellis and Bernand Steam-powered bush tramway
Waione Siding 1950 Marton Sash and Door Co Steam-powered bush tramway
Ongarue 1956 Ellis and Bernand Extensive steam-powered bush tramway (now part of a cycle trail)
Taringamotu 1910 1960s Taringamotu Tramway Steam-powered bush tramway
Manunui 1944 Ellis and Bernand Extensive steam-powered bush tramway
Oio 1935 King Speirs and Co Steam-powered bush tramway
Mansons Siding Manson and Clark Steam-powered bush tramway
Raurimu 1935 King Speirs and Co Steam-powered bush tramway
Raurimu 1935 1957 Raurimu Sawmilling Co Steam-powered bush tramway
Pokaka 1930 1957 Pokaka Timber Co Steam-powered bush tramway
Horopito Horopito Sawmills Ltd Highest railway in New Zealand, summit at 923.5 metres above sea level.
Longburn 27 October 1886 7 December 1908 Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company Private line, purchased by NZR and incorporated into NIMT

Passenger services

[edit]

Long-distance

[edit]

From opening, there have been regular passenger services between Wellington and Auckland. The daily "Express" left earlier in the evening, followed by the "Limited", which had fewer stops for passengers.

Between 1963 and 1968, daytime trains were called the Scenic Daylight. In 1968, a Drewery NZR RM class articulated 88-seater railcar was refurbished and repainted in a distinctive blue-and-white scheme that led to it being nicknamed the Blue Streak. It initially operated an unsuccessful service between Hamilton and Auckland in early 1968, and was transferred to the Auckland-Wellington run on 23 September 1968. Note that all self-propelled passenger railcar classes in New Zealand are generically classed 'RM'.

DC class locomotives initially hauled what was then named the Overlander long-distance passenger train between Auckland and Wellington.

In 1971, NZR introduced the Silver Star, a luxury sleeper train. The service was not economically viable and was withdrawn in 1979. Much more successful was the Silver Fern, a daytime railcar service, introduced in 1972 to replace the "Blue Streak". This service was withdrawn in 1991 and replaced by The Overlander.

In conjunction with the introduction of the carriage train Overlander service, the Silver Fern railcars were redeployed to start new services between Tauranga and Auckland – Kaimai Express, and Auckland and Rotorua – Geyserland Express, in 1991. In 2000 a new commuter service called the Waikato Connection was introduced between Hamilton and Auckland and ran in conjunction with the services to Tauranga and Rotorua until all three services were cancelled in 2001.

On 25 July 2006, Toll NZ announced that the Overlander would cease at the end of September 2006, but on 28 September 2006, the train's continuation on a limited timetable was announced.[78] It ran daily during the summer months and thrice-weekly for the balance of the year.

In 2012, KiwiRail announced the Overlander would be replaced by the Northern Explorer, with modern New Zealand-built AK class carriages to provide a premium tourist train on a quicker timetable with fewer stops. It commenced on Monday 25 June 2012, and consisted of one train running from Auckland-to-Wellington on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and Wellington-to-Auckland on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. It had fewer stops than the Overlander, stopping only at Papakura, Hamilton, Ōtorohanga, National Park, Ohakune, Palmerston North and Paraparaumu. The Northern Explorer scheduled passenger service was suspended in December 2021.[79] The service was reinstated from 25 September 2022.[80]

In 2021 a new commuter service between Hamilton and Auckland was introduced, named Te Huia.

The Capital Connection commuter train operates between Palmerston North and Wellington.

Both KiwiRail and private enthusiast operators such as the Railway Enthusiasts Society, Mainline Steam and Steam Incorporated operate charter trains.

Auckland suburban

[edit]
The northern terminus of the NIMT, Waitematā railway station.
Main articles: Public transport in Auckland and Auckland railway electrification

Suburban trains run on the NIMT at regular intervals as follows:

Eastern Line (Manukau to Waitematā via Glen Innes) trains run on the NIMT between Puhinui and Waitematā.

Southern Line (Papakura to Waitematā via Otahuhu and Newmarket) trains run on the NIMT from Papakura to Westfield Junction. They then run on the North Auckland Line to Newmarket, and the Newmarket Line to the vicinity of Quay Park, where they rejoin the NIMT only for the short section (about 500 metres) into Waitematā. A diesel train shuttle service ran on the NIMT between Pukekohe and Papakura from 2015 to 2022.

Western Line trains use the NIMT only for the short section (about 500 metres) from the vicinity of Quay Park into Waitematā.

Wellington suburban

[edit]
The southern terminus of the North Island Main Trunk, Wellington railway station, and busiest station in the Wellington suburban network.
Main article: Public transport in Wellington

Wellington's Metlink suburban network, operated by Transdev Wellington, includes the southern portion of the NIMT between Wellington and Waikanae as the Kapiti Line.

Stations

[edit]

[81][82]

Station Distance from Wellington Height above sea level (m) Opened Closed Notes
Wellington 0 km 2.4m 1937 Open Replaced NZR's Lambton and WMR's Thorndon stations, which closed upon completion.
Lambton 0 km 2.4m 1884 1937 Slightly north of current Wellington station.
Pipitea 0.75 km 2.4m 1874 1884 Original Wellington station, on Pipitea Quay.
Thorndon 0.75 km 2.4m 1886 1937 Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, near of Pipitea station
Kaiwharawhara 2.44 km 2.4m 1874 2013 Kaiwarra until 1951.
Takapu Road 11.78 km 41m 1937 Open
Redwood 13.16 km 26.5m 1963 Open
Tawa 13.58 km 25.6m 1937 Open Tawa Flat (closed 1937) was 12 metres above Redwood station on adjacent hillside.
Linden 14.85 km 17.7m 1940 Open
Kenepuru 16.16 km 15m 1940 Open
Porirua 17.8 km 3.6m 1885 Open
Paremata 21.7 km 2.7m 1885 Open
Mana 23.04 km 3m 1949 Open Dolly Varden until 1960.
Plimmerton 24.4 km 5.8m 1885 Open
Pukerua Bay 30.1 km 80m 1885 Open
Muri 31.15 km 77m 1952 2011
Paekakariki 38.84 km 7m 1886 Open
Wainui 40.85 km 9m 1886 1900
Paraparaumu 48.28 km 13.7m 1886 Open
Otaihanga 51.5 km 21m 1886 1902
Waikanae 55.31 km 31m 1886 Open
Hadfield 60 km 39m 1886 1906
Te Horo 64.77 km 19.2m 1886 1965
Hautere 67.6 km 15.2m 1886 1900
Otaki 70.28 km 14.6m 1886 Open
Manakau 79.3 km 30.5m 1886 1982 Known as "Manukau" until 1905.
Ohau 84.95 km 30.7m 1886 1982
Levin 90.3 km 36.5m 1886 Open Known as "Weraroa" 1886–1894.
Queen Street 91.37 km 36.5m 1956 1977
Levin 91.5 km 36.5m 1886 1894
Koputaroa 99.23 km 8.5m 1886 1986 Kereru until 1906.
Shannon 106.57 km 12.2m 1886 Open
Makerua 111.84 km 7.62m 1886 1966
Tokomaru 118.35 km 17.7m 1885 1982 crossing loop retained
Linton 124.19 km 18.3m 1885 1972
Longburn 129.69 km 19.8m 1873 1986
Awapuni 132 km 24.7m 1876 1965
Palmerston North 135.76 km 30m 1873 1965
Palmerston North 136.03 km 28m 1963 Open
Terrace End 138.51 km 38.1m 1876 1964
Bunnythorpe 144.47 km 55.2m 1876 1985
Taonui 148.62 km 61.9m 1876 1963
Aorangi 150.66 km 70.7m 1876 1965
Feilding 152.98 km 72.2m 1876 2012
Makino Road 156.26 km 103m 1878 1960
Maewa 158.34 km 107m 1878 1962
Halcombe 165.76 km 118m 1878 1983
Kakariki 171.12 km 70m 1879 1982
Greatford 175.67 km 104.5m 1875 1983
Marton 180.25 km 140.8m 1878 2012
Cliff Road 183.58 km 159.7m 1888 1966
Overton 188.85 km 155m 1888 1958
Porewa 190.53 km 165m 1888 1982 service siding retained
Rata 195.46 km 194m 1888 1975
Silverhope 199.31 km 224m 1888 1966
Hunterville 205.33 km 267m 1888 1986
Kaikarangi 210.18 km 284m 1888 1964
Mangaonoho 216.04 km 257m 1893 1966
Ohingaiti 222.14 km 279m 1902 1975
Mangaweka 231.04 km 326.7m 1902 1982
Utiku 243.69 km 371m 1904 1986
Ohotu 247.08 km 395.6m 1904 1959
Winiata 249.02 km 415m 1905 1972 was siding
Taihape 251.85 km 442m 1904 2012
Mataroa 260.88 km 530m 1907 1986 photo of opening day
Ngaurukehu 270.25 km 640m 1908 before 1993
Turangarere 274.5 km 702m 1912 1972
Hīhītahi 278.2 km 741m 1908 1982 Turangarere until 1912.
Waiouru 290.3 km 813.8m 1908 2005 at 814m, highest railway station in New Zealand.
Tangiwai 299.49 km 699.5m 1909 1986 Nearest station to the Tangiwai disaster, 24 December 1953.
Karioi 306.94 km 630.3m 1909 1984
Rangataua 312.79 km 670m 1909 1986 1910s photo of station
Ohakune 317.09 km 618.4m 1908 Open Ohakune Junction in working timetables 1917–1968.
Horopito 326.91 km 752m 1909 1978 Used as location for Smash Palace movie, 1981
Pokaka 332.57 km 811m 1909 1986 1924 photo of station
Erua 340.13 km 742.5m 1908 1986 1920s photo of station
National Park 346.83 km 806.8m 1908 Open Waimarino until 1949.
Raurimu 358.31 km 589m 1906 1978 Pukerimu 1906–1908
Oio 366.25 km 520m 1908 1972 Known to WW2 American servicemen as "Zero-10". Shortest station name in New Zealand, with Ava & Tui .
Owhango 371.89 km 456.6m 1908 1985 first closed 1983, then briefly reopened
Kakahi 382 km 266m 1908 1978
Piriaka 387.15 km 230m 1908 1987
Manunui 391.9 km 190.5m 1908 1986
Matapuna 394.8 km 180m 1908 1987
Taumarunui 397.75 km 171m 1903 open Closed in 2012 to groups fewer than 10 people until 4 December 2022 [83]
Taringamotu 402 km 172.5m 1903 1971
Okahukura 408.54 178.3m 1903 1978 Okahukura Junction in working timetables 1933–2010.
Te Koura 412.75 km 182m 1909 1975
Ongarue 420.68 km 192.6m 1903 1986
Waione Siding 426.86 km 208m 1921 1950
Waimiha 434.39 km 232m 1903 1983
Poro-O-Tarao 444.05 km 339.2m 1901 1979
Mangapehi 449.47 km 285.3m 1901 1984 Known as "Mangapeehi" station 1901–1920.
Kopaki 454.35 km 265m 1901 1982 Paratikana until 1920.
Puketutu 461.83 km 206m 1889 1977 briefly open in 1889, then Mokau until 1912.
Waiteti 470.07 km 135m 1889 closed
Te Kuiti 475.66 km 54m 1887 2012
Te Kumi 478.56 km 49.6m 1887 1968
Hangatiki 485.2 km 39.9m 1887 1982
Otorohanga 494.41 km 37m 1887 Open Closed then reopened summer 2012 must pre-book in advance [84]
Kiokio 498.45 km 35.4m 1887 1973
Te Kawa 506.88 km 47.8m 1887 1982
Te Mawhai 513 km 35.6m 1887 1958 Te Puhi until 1900
Te Awamutu 517.02 km 50m 1880 2005
Ngaroto 519.92 km 56m 1880 1954
Lake Road 522.26 km 54m 1880 1940
Ohaupo 527.16 km 52m 1880 1982
Rukuhia 533.59 km 55m 1880 1970
Hamilton 542.52 km 37.5m 1877 Open Previously Hamilton Junction and Frankton Junction.
Te Rapa Racecourse 547.50 km 33.2m 1920 1980
Rotokauri 549.25 km 33m 1877, 2021 1970, now open Not to be confused with Te Rapa Marshalling Yards (547 km from Wellington). Reopened as Rotokauri in 2021 for the Te Huia service.
Horotiu 553.65 km 23.7m 1877 c1975 Pukete until 23 June 1907.[85] Moved from 77 mi (124 km) to 76 mi (122 km) from Auckland in 1880[86]
Ngaruawahia 559.16 km 20.7m 1877 c1968 Newcastle until 1878.[87]
Taupiri 566.56 km 13.7m 1877 c1968
Huntly 573.87 km 14m 1877, 2021 1998 Reopened in 2021 for the Te Huia service
Kimihia 578.45 km 14m 1877 1939
Ohinewai 582.04 km 10m 1877 c1968
Rangiriri 588.11 9m 1877 1957
Te Kauwhata 591.62 km 12.2m 1877 1984
Whangamarino 598.34 km 6.7m 1877 1978
Amokura 604.53 km 7m 1877 1980
Mercer 609.16 km 6.4m 1877 1986
Pokeno 613.96 km 24m 1877 c1968
Whangarata 617.90 km 59.7m 1877 c1968 a flag station[88]
Tuakau 621.41 km 37m 1875 1986 rebuilt 1910[89]
Buckland 625.6 km 58m 1875 1969
Pukekohe 628.86 km 60.65m 1875 open
Paerata 633.29 km 45.1m 1875 1980 Paerata Junction from 1917.
Runciman 638.37 km 8m 1875 1918
Drury 640 km 9m 1875 1980
Opaheke 642.9 km 14.5m 1875 1955 Hunua 1877–1939.
Papakura 647.02 km 19.2m 1875 Open
Tironui 648.95 km 15.5m 1904 1980
Takanini 650.64 km 15.2m 1875 Open
Te Mahia 652.24 km 14.9m 1904 Open
Manurewa 653.1 km 17m 1875 Open
Homai 655.7 km 30.78m 1904 Open
Wiri 657.6 km 22.25m 1913 2005
Puhinui 658.92 km 19.8m 1904 Open
Papatoitoi 659.63 km 18.9m 1875 1904
Papatoetoe 660.42 km 18m 1904 Open
Middlemore 662.28 km 8.8m 1904 Open
Mangere 663.02 km 10.66m 1904 2011
Otahuhu 664.15 km 9.44m 1875 Open
Westfield 665.5 km 7.6m 1904 2017
Sylvia Park 667.09 km 7.6m 1931 Open Relocated 1 km further north, 2007.
Panmure 669.93 km 17.7m 1931 Open Relocated 200m north, 2007.
Tamaki 671.28 km 23.5m 1930 1980
Glen Innes 672.64 km 22m 1930 Open
Purewa 675.4 km 18m 1930 1955
Meadowbank 676.26 km 12m 1954 Open
Ōrākei 677.44 km 4.5m 1930 Open
The Strand 680.76 km 2.7m 1930 Open Was platform 7 of the 1930–2003 Auckland station. Terminus for the Northern Explorer long-distance service, the Te Huia service, and steam and other excursion services.
Waitematā railway station 682 km 4m below sea level 2003 Open Terminus for Auckland suburban electric services only.

Record runs

[edit]

Record runs from Auckland to Wellington were the 1960 Moohan Rocket (train) of 11 hours 34 minutes in 1960, and the Standard railcar time of 9 hours 26 minutes (running time 8 hours 42 minutes) in 1967.[90]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Island Main Trunk.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Western Corridor Transportation Study" (PDF). GWRC. 2005. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  2. ^ a b Dearnaley, Mathew (9 August 2008). "Steel backbone an economic lifeline". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  3. ^ a b Wright, Danielle (28 June 2011). "Auckland to Wellington: It's the journey that counts". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  4. ^ "New Zealand Railway Lines in Prose and Verse – NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  5. ^ "THE MAIN TRUNK. NEW ZEALAND HERALD". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 4 July 1908. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  6. ^ "THE AUCKLAND AND MERCER RAILWAY. NEW ZEALAND HERALD". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 16 August 1872. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  7. ^ "photo of first train". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  8. ^ "Railway Contracts entered into between The Governor of New Zealand and Messrs. Brogden and Sons". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  9. ^ "THE AUCKLAND AND MERCER RAILWAY. WAIKATO TIMES". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 27 June 1872. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  10. ^ "MAUNGATAWHIRI AND MEREMERE TRAMWAY. (Daily Southern Cross, 1864-07-05)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  11. ^ "Turning the Sod of the First Railway in the Northern Island. Daily Southern Cross". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 4 April 1864. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  12. ^ "TURNING THE FIRST SOD OF THE AUCKLAND AND DRURY RAILWAY (Daily Southern Cross, 1865-02-17)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  13. ^ a b "New Zealand Railways Magazine - Volume 9". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 1 February 1935. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  14. ^ "BY RAIL TO FOXTON. WANGANUI CHRONICLE". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 20 April 1878. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  15. ^ "North Island Main Trunk Railway Loan Act, 1882". New Zealand Law online. 1882. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  16. ^ Merrifield, Rob (2009). "A Centennial Review of the North Island Main Trunk Railway – Geology of the West-Central North Island and its Influence on Transport Development" (PDF). 3rd Australasian Engineering Heritage Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Taranaki main trunk. Taranaki Daily News". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 18 November 1932. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  18. ^ Hutchins 2019, pp. 31, 32.
  19. ^ "THROUGH AT LAST. LYTTELTON TIMES". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 August 1908. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  20. ^ Pierre 1981, pp. 204–207.
  21. ^ Pierre 1981, pp. 214–228.
  22. ^ Heine 2000, pp. 147, 148.
  23. ^ "Article by "Backblocks"". NZETC. 1926.
  24. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 118.
  25. ^ "Mr. T. Ronayne". The Dominion – archived at Papers Past – paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 10 November 1913. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  26. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 138,146.
  27. ^ "KAKARIKI RAILWAY IMPROVEMENTS. WANGANUI CHRONICLE". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 29 September 1915. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  28. ^ "NEW DEVIATION. AUCKLAND STAR". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 4 March 1939. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  29. ^ "Railways Improvement Authorization Act, 1914" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  30. ^ "LOCAL AND GENERAL NEWS. (New Zealand Herald, 1927-01-14)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  31. ^ "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1938 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. D. G. SULLIVAN)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  32. ^ "LINE DUPLICATED. (Auckland Star, 1938-10-11)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  33. ^ "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1940 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. D. G. SULLIVAN)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  34. ^ "Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1941 Session I – RAILWAYS STATEMENT (BY THE MINISTER OF RAILWAYS, HON. R. SEMPLE)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  35. ^ Yonge 1985, p. 4.
  36. ^ a b "Inaugural rail programme creates certainty and jobs". KiwiRail. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  37. ^ a b Yonge 1985, p. 3.
  38. ^ "Level Crossings". The New Zealand Herald. 1938. p. 15. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  39. ^ Yonge 1985, p. 16.
  40. ^ Yonge 1985, p. 9.
  41. ^ Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 30.
  42. ^ a b Leitch & Scott 1995, p. 31.
  43. ^ "New N.I. express trains". Papers Past (National Library of New Zealand ). 1966. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  44. ^ "NIMT bridge replacement project". KiwiRail. 29 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.
  45. ^ "The bridges of Ōtaki: expressway work winds through the Kāpiti Coast". Stuff. 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  46. ^ "Express CONNECT – May 2019". New Zealand Transport Agency. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  47. ^ "Wiri to Westfield – The Case for Investment" (PDF). KiwiRail. December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  48. ^ "Jacinda Ardern outlines Labour's light rail plan for Auckland". Stuff. 6 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  49. ^ "KiwiRail – Wellington Projects". 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  50. ^ Tom McGavin (Autumn 1988). "North Island Main Trunk Electrified". New Zealand Railway Observer. 45 (1). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 49. ISSN 0028-8624.
  51. ^ "September 1994 decisions". Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
  52. ^ Churchman & Hurst 2001, p. 30.
  53. ^ "$1b Auckland rail upgrade powers ahead". The New Zealand Herald. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2007.
  54. ^ "ARTA". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  55. ^ "Electric trains". Auckland Transport. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  56. ^ "Auckland trains go electric". Radio New Zealand News. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  57. ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (6 June 2008). "Electric train lines may reach Hamilton". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  58. ^ Mathew Dearnaley (22 May 2012). "Push for electric to Pukekohe". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  59. ^ "Auckland Transport Alignment Project" (PDF). Auckland Council. April 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  60. ^ Jane Paterson (29 January 2020). "Govt's $12b infrastructure spend: Rail, roads and DHBs the big winners". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  61. ^ "Major construction milestones achieved in Papakura to Pukekohe electrification project". KiwiRail. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  62. ^ a b c "EXTENSION OF ELECTRIFICATION – Benefits and Costs – Report to ONTRACK". Murray King and Francis Small Consulting. 2008.
  63. ^ "FYI.org.nz - DC to AC overhead line conversion". 30 January 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  64. ^ "NZUP – ADVICE ON THE REMAINING PROGRAMME OPTIONS" (PDF). 11 May 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  65. ^ "KiwiRail announces fleet decision on North Island line". 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  66. ^ "Wellington.scoop.co.nz » Electric locomotives to be retained on the main trunk line". Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  67. ^ a b "North Island Electrification Expansion Study". The Linesider (8): 56. June 2022. ISSN 2703-6197.
  68. ^ a b "North Island Electrification". FYI.org.nz. 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  69. ^ "Unique rail carriage on track for re-enactment". Wairarapa Times-Age. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  70. ^ "Stamp Issue Celebrates Main Trunk Line Centenary". New Zealand Post Stamp issue. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  71. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Makatote viaduct". www.teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  72. ^ a b Pierre 1981, p. 56.
  73. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 70.
  74. ^ Sinclair 1987, p. 148.
  75. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 82.
  76. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 33.
  77. ^ "Coal mining stops at Huntly East". NZ Railway Observer. December 2015.
  78. ^ "Overlander to continue running". The New Zealand Herald. 28 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  79. ^ "Urgent calls for long-distance passenger services to stay as KiwiRail cuts operations". Newshub. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  80. ^ "Scenic trains to resume with new tourism offering". Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  81. ^ New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas (First ed.). Quail Map Co. 1965. pp. 3 & 4.
  82. ^ Pierre 1981, p. 289–290.
  83. ^ Granville, Alan (16 November 2022). "Taumarunui back on track as New Zealand's newest regular rail stop". Stuff. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  84. ^ "Otorohanga (Waitomo)". The Great Journeys of NZ. KiwiRail. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  85. ^ Scoble, Juliet (2010). "Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand 1863 to 2010" (PDF). Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  86. ^ "STATEMENT BY THE MINISTER FOR PUBLIC WORKS, THE HON. RICHARD OLIVER, FRIDAY, 6th AUGUST, 1880". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  87. ^ "CHANGE OF NAME. (Wananga, 1878-11-23)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  88. ^ "Waikato District Council: Built Heritage Assessment 2014 – with Whangarata map extract showing 1912 widening". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  89. ^ "Waikato District Council: Tuakau Structure Plan Built Heritage Assessment 2014 – with photo". Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  90. ^ McGavin 1989, p. 14.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) [1990, 1991]. The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN 0-908876-20-3.
  • Heine, Richard W. (2000). Semaphore to CTC: Signalling and train working in New Zealand, 1863-1993. Wellington: New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society. ISBN 0-908573-76-6.
  • Hutchins, Graham (2019). Going by Train: the Complete New Zealand Railway Story. Dunedin: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-77559-355-3.
  • Leitch, David; Scott, Brian (1995). Exploring New Zealand's Ghost Railways (1998 ed.). Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-048-5.
  • McGavin, Tom (Autumn 1989). "Recalling the Standard Railcars". New Zealand Railway Observer. 46 (1). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISSN 0028-8624.
  • Pierre, Bill (1981). North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History. A.H. & A.W. Reed. ISBN 0-589-01316-5.
  • Sinclair, Roy (1987). Rail: The Great New Zealand Adventure. Wellington: Grantham House. ISBN 1-86934-013-2.
  • Yonge, John (1985). New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas (Third ed.). Quail Map Company. ISBN 090060932X.
[edit]
  • Makohine Viaduct 1930s
    Makohine Viaduct 1930s
  • EW & DC locos near Paekākāriki 2005
    EW & DC locos near Paekākāriki 2005
  • EF locomotive in "Bumble Bee" livery 2006
    EF locomotive in "Bumble Bee" livery 2006
  • EF locomotive at Palmerston North 2007
    EF locomotive at Palmerston North 2007
  • KA loco at NIMT centenary 2008
    KA loco at NIMT centenary 2008
  • Freight train north of Fielding 2010
    Freight train north of Fielding 2010
[edit]


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Island_Main_Trunk&oldid=1243666375"